Operating systems in Nokia phones

Operating systems in Nokia phones Introduction: Operating system basically acts as interface between user and hardware. A mobile operating system also known as mobile OS or a handheld operating system controls the mobile device. It works on the same principle as the operating systems in windows which control the desktop computers. However the mobile operating systems are simpler than that of windows operating systems. Various operating systems used in smart phones include: Symbian OS, Iphone OS, RIMS Blackberry, Linux Palm webOS, Android Windows mobile operating system. Various operating systems along with their detail are: 1) Symbian OS:Symbian operating system is designed for mobile devices with associated libraries, user interface, and framework. It is used in various models of the phones around 100 models use this. It consists of kernel and middleware components of software stack. The upper layers are supplied by application platforms like S60, UIQ and MOAP. This is NOKIA N92 with Symbian OS. Reasons for designing Symbian OS: To ensure the integrity and security of data, Utilize the user time, All resources are scarce. Designing of Symbian OS: It uses a microkernel which has a request and call-back approach to services. It maintains the separation between user interface and design. Mobile view controller is the object oriented design used by the applications and the OS. This OS is optimised for low power battery based devices and for ROM based systems. The Symbian kernel supports sufficiently-fast real time response to build a single-core phone around it—that is, a phone in which a single processor core executes both the user applications and the signaling stack. Structure of Symbian model: UI Framework Layer Application services layer Java ME OS services layer Generic OS services Communication services Multimedia and graphics services Connectivity services Base services layer Kernel services and hardware interface layer. It uses microkernel architecture i.e., it includes only the necessary parts in order to maximize the robustness, responsiveness and availability. It contains scheduler, memory management and device drivers. Symbian is designed to emphasize compatibility with other devices, especially removable media file systems. There is a large networking and communication subsystem, which has three main servers called: ETEL i.e, EPOC telephony, ESOCK i.e, EPOC sockets and C32 which is responsible for serial communication. Each of these has a plug-in scheme. All native Symbian C++ applications are built up from three framework classes defined by the application architecture: an application class, a document class and an application user interface class. These classes create the fundamental application behaviour. Symbian includes a reference user-interface called TechView. It provides a basis for starting customization and is the environment in which much Symbian test and example code runs. Versions of Symbian OS: Symbian OS v6.0 and 6.1 Symbian OS 7.0 and 7.0s Symbian OS 8.0 Symbian OS 8.1 Symbian OS 9.0 Symbian OS 9.1 Symbian OS 9.2 Symbian OS 9.3 Symbian OS 9.4 Symbian OS 9.5 2) Iphone OS: It is internet and multimedia mobile phone designed by apple Inc. The Iphone functions as a camera phone, a portable media player, and an internet client. Iphone OS is an operating system that runs on Iphone. It is based on the same DARWIN operating system used in MAC OS X. It is responsible for the interfaces motion graphics. The operating system takes up less than half a GB of the devices total storage (4 to 32GB). It is capable of supporting bundled and future applications from Apple, as well as from third-party developers. Software applications cannot be copied directly from Mac OS X but must be written and compiled specifically for Iphone OS. Like the iPod, the Iphone is managed with iTunes. The earliest versions of Iphone OS required version 7.3 or later, which is compatible with Mac OS X version 10.4.10 Tiger or later, and 32-bit or 64-bit Windows XP or Vista. The release of iTunes 7.6 expanded this support to include 64-bit versions of XP and Vista, and a workaround has been discovered for previous 64-bit Windows operating systems. Apple provides free updates to Iphone OS through iTunes, and major updates have historically accompanied new models. Such updates often require a newer version of iTunes — for example, the 3.0 update requires iTunes 8.2 — but the iTunes system requirements have stayed the same. Updates include both security patches and new features. For example, Iphone 3G users initially experienced dropped calls until an update was issued. 3) Android OS: Android is a mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel. It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries. The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 47 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. 4) Palm webOS: It is a mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel with proprietary components developed by Palm. The Palm Pre Smartphone is the first device to launch with webOS, and both were introduced to the public at the Consumer Electronics Show. The Palm Pre and webOS were released on June 6, 2009. The second device to use the operating system, the Palm Pixi, was released on November 15, 2009. The webOS features significant online social network and Web 2.0 integration. Features: WebOSs graphical user interface is designed for use on devices with touch screens. It includes a suite of applications for personal information management and makes use of a number of web technologies such as HTML 5, JavaScript, and CSS. Palm claims that the design around these existing technologies was intended to spare developers from learning a new programming language. The Palm Pre, released on June 6, 2009, is the first device to run this platform. 5) Rims Blackberry OS: A proprietary multi-tasking operating system (OS) for the BlackBerry is provided by RIM which makes heavy use of the devices specialized input devices, particularly the scroll wheel or more recently the trackball and track pad. The OS provides support for Java MIDP 1.0 and WAP 1.2. Previous versions allowed wireless synchronization with Microsoft Exchange Servers e-mail and calendar. The current OS 4 provides a subset of MIDP 2.0, and allows complete wireless activation and synchronization with Exchanges e-mail, calendar, tasks, notes and contacts. Third-party developers can write software using these APIs, proprietary BlackBerry APIs as well, but any application that makes use of certain restricted functionality must be digitally signed so that it can be associated to a developer account at RIM. There is only the guarantee of authorship of an application but not of the quality or security of the code. This is blackberry 7250 displaying the icons provided to it by the use of a proprietary multi-tasking operating system (OS). 6) Windows mobile operating systems: Windows Mobile is a compact operating system developed by Microsoft, and designed for use in smartphones and mobile devices. It is based on Windows CE, and features a suite of basic applications developed using the Microsoft Windows API. It is designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows, feature-wise and aesthetically. Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and software can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile. Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, Windows Mobile has been updated multiple times, with the current version being Windows Mobile 6.5. Most Windows Mobile phones come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen. Windows Mobiles share of the Smartphone market has fallen year-on-year, decreasing 20% in Q3 2009. It is the 4th most popular Smartphone operating system, with a 7.9% share of the worldwide Smartphone market. The figure showing windows operating system used in smartphones.

Major Discoveries in Electrical Communication in the 1800’s Essay

The nineteenth century was a very prolific era of discovery in electrical knowledge and technologies that laid the foundation for modern electrical communication. During this period of time the foundations of modern electrically based technologies were discovered. The nineteenth century began with a debate between Luigi Galvani, and Alessandro Volta regarding the source of electricity in Galvani’s famous frog experiment. These debates lead to the invention of the battery by Volta, and the invention of Volta’s. Volta’s discoveries would lead the way for Ohm’s law several years later. However, before that discovery was made Hans Christian Ørstead discovered electromagnetism, which was then used by Andrà © Marie Amperà ¨ to show that magnetism is electricity. Following the publication of Ohm’s law, Faraday would publish his findings on induction in the 1830’s. That same decade the DC generator, and transformer were invented, and followed in the 1840’s by the invention of AC generator. Communications technologies advanced at an incredible pace. Sà ¶mmering would design the first multi-line telegraph, and Morse would perfect this into a practical single wire design. The work of Charles Wheatstone in telegraphy and Heinrich Hertz in wave theory, paved the way for modern communications. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Èdouard Branly would make the contribution of a detector that allowed for the invention of the radio. Guglielmo Marconi and Alexander Stepanovich Popov would develop the first radios. From the invention of the battery to the first intercontinental telegram transmission, the advances in electrical technologies in the 19th century made possible the technological boom of the 20th and 21st centuries in comm... ...ambridge University Press on behalf of The British Society for the History of Science, The British Journal for the History of Science , Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jun., 1962), pp. 31-48, [Online] Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4025073 [9] Joost Mertens, Shocks and Sparks: The Voltaic Pile as a Demonstration Device, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society, Isis Vol. 89, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 304 [Online] Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/237757. [10] Herbert W. Meyer, A History of Electricity and Magnetism, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1971, pp. 39, 73, 100, 201. [11] Richard Wolfson, University Physics Second Edition, Pearson, 2012, pp. 453, 454. [12] Dan M. Worrall, David Edward Hughes: Concertinist and Inventor, Papers of the International Concertina Association, Allan Atlas, ed., vol. 4. 2007, pp. 4.

Jackass: Comedy and People

Imagine you are up late one night watching television, and you come across the MTV channel and you start to watch a show where a man is slamming himself to a wall, and then you see another clip where a man is dancing around naked in the street, then you must be watching Jackass. Jackass is a show where people perform dangerous, hilarious, disgusting stunts and pranks, but simply the show is made to make people laugh. The show is really simply comedic, but since the show includes many dangerous stunts and activities, the show receives negative criticism for being the blame for certain accidents where teenagers tried to imitate the show. Even though the show has received a lot negative criticism, the show was still able to maintain its popularity because we have a dark sense of humor, we seek some sort of thrill, and it makes us feel superior to people on the show. Most of us have shown to have a dark sense of humor and we enjoy watching television shows like Jackass. The stunts and pranks performed on the show are cruel and most of the time people performing the stunts end up getting hurt, but we still laugh. Even looking at history, we can see that people have always has a dark sense of humor, like in Roman Empire era when people would fight to the death for other people’s entertainment. Then, we moved from trying to kill each other for entertainment to have animals fight for our entertainment, and now we have television and movies to help feed our craving for dark humor. In Stephen King’s essay, â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies†, Stephen explains that a horror movie â€Å"†¦deliberately appeals to all that is worst in us. It is morbidly unchained, our most base instincts set free, our nastiest fantasies realized†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 2). Just like a horror movie, shows like Jackass appeals to the worst in us and helps us to take control our dark sense of humor. Jackass is probably still one of the most disgusting and daring show on air and we find it thrilling to watch because for that reason. The shows intensity and excess makes us either want to look away or watch even more. On the show, they go as far as artificially inseminating a cow, swallowing a live fish and throwing it up later, flipping over a port-a-potty while someone is inside, diving into a pool full of elephant feces, and even more ridiculous stunts. The stunts on the show aren’t something that people do on a daily basis and people find it thrilling to watch others try something that hasn’t been done. Some of us would probably want to know what it is like to do some of the stunts seen on the show, but we are too afraid to try. The show help us to see what would have happened if we were to try a stunt seen on the show. The pranks done in the show are truly cruel and unnecessary and in some way makes us happy it isn’t us and makes us feel superior to the people on the show. On the show, someone walks around with an electric razor and randomly cuts out patches on people’s hair, also people on the show go off-roading in golf carts. Even though the show has a warning not to try anything seen on the show at home, most of us know better than to go ice skating naked and makes people laugh to know that there is someone out there stupid enough to try it. Just the watching the people on show, it makes us feel that we are better than them; somewhat feeds to our ego to know that there are others who less incompetent than us.

A New Economic Reconstruction Program - 863 Words

Wal-Mart has been cautious in moving into the international markets. In 1994, Brazil under new leadership was undertaking a new economic reconstruction program that aggressively shrunk monthly inflation rates from 40% to a low of 3%. The sound decreased in inflation rates helped improve the buying power of Brazilians and stimulated many outside companies to make new investments in Brazil. Major Competitors The economy of the retail sector in Brazil is mostly concentrated in the Southeast region. The area includes Sà £o Paulo State which is very dense, mostly affluent, and vastly developed. Is very dense and is also located in that region. The retail sector accounted, in 2012, for about 5.5% of GNP, with combined sales of US$ US$122.7 billion. The number of retail stores in Brazil amounts to 83,572 employing about 986,000 employees. The total retail sales floor in 2012 was approximately 21 million square meters, and the number of check-outs was about 210,245. In terms of sales volume, the main competitors are Carrefour, Casino Pà £o-de-Aà §Ãƒ ºcar, Casas Sendas, Bompreà §o and Paes Mendonà §a. Walmart was Brazil largest retail store until Casino merged with Grupo Pao de Acucar in 2012 giving it 41.3% of market share. Carrefour is Brazil second-largest retail company(14.5 sales). In the face of its Brazil’s expansion, Wal-Mart has a competitive advantage over its competitors because of its low price aggressiveness. Walmart implemented the same unique characteristics and qualitiesShow MoreRelatedSocial Policy For Shared Societies982 Words   |  4 Pages2016) (By Krishna Prasad Subedi, COEX Program) Reflection of Presentation 11/30/2016 Summary My presentation was based on my previous work experience where I worked as Program Coordinator. The name of the organization is Public Welfare Society Nepal (PWSN) which is located in a rural part of Nepal. 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